Research

The Crypto Tax Report 2026: Digital Asset Taxation and Compliance

The Ledgerism Editorial Team
By The Ledgerism Editorial Team · The Ledgerism Brief Editorial Team produces original, methodology-disclosed accounting and tax research—data trackers, databases, and reference guides built to be the most-cited source in the field. Every figure is verified against primary sources including FASB, the IRS, the PCAOB, NASBA, the AICPA, and state boards of accountancy.
Published Jul 1, 2026 · Updated Jul 2, 2026
The Crypto Tax Report 2026: Digital Asset Taxation and Compliance

A primary-source reference on the U.S. federal tax treatment of digital assets. It compiles the governing IRS guidance since 2014, the taxation of staking and forks, the Form 1099-DA broker reporting regime and its effective dates, the digital-asset question on Form 1040, and the available evidence on crypto tax compliance. Every figure is labeled with its exact year and source. Projections and estimates are distinguished from measured data throughout.

Prepared by The Ledgerism Brief. Last updated 2026-06-29.

Executive summary

Key findings

  1. Convertible virtual currency is treated as property for federal income tax purposes, and general tax principles applicable to property transactions apply, per IRS Notice 2014-21 issued March 25, 2014 (United States). [IRS Notice 2014-21]
  2. A taxpayer who mines virtual currency or receives it as payment for goods or services must include its fair market value in gross income in the year of receipt, per IRS Notice 2014-21 (2014, United States). [IRS Notice 2014-21]
  3. In Rev. Rul. 2019-24 (issued October 9, 2019), the IRS held that a hard fork with no receipt of new units produces no gross income, but an airdrop of new units the taxpayer can control produces ordinary income at fair market value (United States). [IRS Rev. Rul. 2019-24]
  4. In Rev. Rul. 2023-14 (issued July 31, 2023), proof-of-stake staking rewards are includible in gross income in the year the taxpayer gains dominion and control, valued at fair market value at that date and time (United States). [IRS Rev. Rul. 2023-14]
  5. Rev. Rul. 2023-14 applies whether the taxpayer stakes directly or through a cryptocurrency exchange (2023, United States). [IRS Rev. Rul. 2023-14]
  6. Final broker regulations (T.D. 10000, published 2024) require custodial brokers to report gross proceeds on digital-asset dispositions effected on or after January 1, 2025 (United States). [IRS]
  7. The same final regulations require basis reporting on certain covered transactions effected on or after January 1, 2026 (United States). [IRS]
  8. Brokers may report qualifying-stablecoin sales on an aggregate basis and need not report them if a customer’s annual aggregate gross proceeds do not exceed $10,000 (2024 final regs, United States). [IRS]
  9. Brokers need not report specified-NFT sales if a customer’s annual aggregate gross proceeds from such sales do not exceed $600 (2024 final regs, United States). [IRS]
  10. The Joint Committee on Taxation estimated the digital-asset broker-reporting provision of the 2021 Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act would raise roughly $28 billion over 10 years (2021 projection, United States). [JCT / IIJA]
  11. On April 10, 2025, the President signed H.J.Res.25, repealing the December 2024 “DeFi broker” rule that would have extended reporting to front-end decentralized-finance service providers for transactions on or after January 1, 2027 (United States). [U.S. House Ways and Means Committee]
  12. The Senate passed H.J.Res.25 by 70-28 and the House by 292-132 in March 2025 (United States). [U.S. House Ways and Means Committee]
  13. A digital-asset (formerly “virtual currency”) question has appeared on Form 1040 since tax year 2019, and was reworded from “virtual currency” to “digital assets” beginning tax year 2022 (United States). [IRS]
  14. TIGTA found that of 365,391 IRS Small Business/Self-Employed examinations since fiscal year 2020, only 1,144 (0.31 percent) included review of digital-asset activity (report dated July 10, 2024, United States). [TIGTA 2024-30-030]
  15. GAO reported the IRS began mailing more than 10,000 educational letters to taxpayers with virtual-currency activity starting July 2019 (GAO-20-188, February 2020, United States). [U.S. GAO]

1. How crypto is taxed: property since 2014

Digital assets are taxed as property under U.S. federal income tax law. The foundational guidance is IRS Notice 2014-21, issued March 25, 2014, which stated that “convertible virtual currency is treated as property and that general tax principles applicable to property transactions apply to convertible virtual currency.” That framing carries direct consequences: a sale or exchange of a digital asset is a disposition of property that produces capital gain or loss measured against the taxpayer’s basis, and the character (short-term vs long-term) depends on the holding period.

Notice 2014-21 also established that receipt of virtual currency is an income event at fair market value. A taxpayer who mines virtual currency, or who receives it as payment for goods or services, must include its fair market value (in U.S. dollars, at the date of receipt) in gross income. That receipt value then becomes the taxpayer’s basis for computing gain or loss on later disposition. Wages paid in virtual currency are includible in the employee’s gross income at fair market value and are subject to withholding.

The property classification has been durable. Notice 2023-34 (2023) modified Notice 2014-21 to remove outdated language after certain jurisdictions recognized Bitcoin as legal tender, but did not change the property treatment for U.S. federal tax purposes. Rev. Rul. 2023-14 reaffirmed in 2023 that “cryptocurrency that is convertible virtual currency is treated as property for Federal income tax purposes.”

What the numbers mean: Because each disposition is a taxable event measured against basis, taxpayers who transact frequently, swap one token for another, or spend crypto on goods face potentially large numbers of separate gain/loss computations. This is the compliance burden the 1099-DA regime (Section 3) is designed to address.

Limitation: Notice 2014-21 was issued as sub-regulatory guidance (a Notice), and later IRS revenue rulings state expressly that such guidance is an official IRS interpretation that does not carry the force of law of a regulation. The property classification is nonetheless the operative IRS position and has not been overturned.

2. Income events: staking, forks, and airdrops

Staking rewards (Rev. Rul. 2023-14)

Rev. Rul. 2023-14, issued July 31, 2023, addresses proof-of-stake validation rewards. The holding is precise: “If a cash-method taxpayer stakes cryptocurrency native to a proof-of-stake blockchain and receives additional units of cryptocurrency as rewards when validation occurs, the fair market value of the validation rewards received is included in the taxpayer’s gross income in the taxable year in which the taxpayer gains dominion and control over the validation rewards. The fair market value is determined as of the date and time the taxpayer gains dominion and control over the validation rewards.”

The ruling’s fact pattern is instructive. A taxpayer stakes 200 of 300 units of a token and receives 2 units as a validation reward. During a brief protocol lock-up ending on “Date 2,” the taxpayer cannot sell, exchange, or dispose of the 2 reward units. The following day (“Date 3”), the taxpayer gains that ability. The IRS concluded the accession to wealth, and therefore income inclusion, occurs at Date 3. The ruling relies on Section 61(a) and the Supreme Court’s “dominion” standard in Commissioner v. Glenshaw Glass Co., 348 U.S. 426 (1955).

Scope: The ruling applies whether the taxpayer stakes directly or through a cryptocurrency exchange. It expressly does not address gas or transaction fees other than the rewards described, and does not address issues under provisions not cited, such as Section 83.

Hard forks and airdrops (Rev. Rul. 2019-24)

Rev. Rul. 2019-24, issued October 9, 2019, addresses two situations. In the first, a hard fork occurs but the taxpayer does not receive any new cryptocurrency; the IRS held there is no accession to wealth and no gross income. In the second, a hard fork is followed by an airdrop that credits new units to the taxpayer’s address with an immediate ability to dispose of them; the IRS held the taxpayer has ordinary income equal to the fair market value of the new units when received. The same “dominion and control” logic later reused in Rev. Rul. 2023-14 governs the timing.

What the numbers mean: Staking and airdrop income is ordinary income at receipt, then the received value becomes basis. A later sale is a separate capital transaction. This two-step structure (ordinary income on receipt, capital gain/loss on disposition) is the recurring pattern across crypto income events.

Limitation: Rev. Rul. 2023-14 was controversial among practitioners who argued staking rewards are self-created property not taxable until sale. The IRS rejected that position. Revenue rulings bind the IRS’s own administration but do not carry the force of law of a Treasury regulation and are not binding on courts.

3. The Form 1099-DA broker reporting regime

Statutory origin

Broker reporting for digital assets originates in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act of 2021, which amended Internal Revenue Code Sections 6045 and 6045A to include digital assets within the definition of assets subject to broker information reporting. Section 6045(g)(3)(D) defines a digital asset, for information-reporting purposes, as “any digital representation of value which is recorded on a cryptographically secured distributed ledger or any similar technology,” a definition quoted verbatim in Rev. Rul. 2023-14.

Effective dates

The IRS finalized custodial broker rules in 2024 (Treasury Decision T.D. 10000), creating Form 1099-DA, “Digital Asset Proceeds From Broker Transactions.” The phase-in has two key dates:

Covered brokers and thresholds

The final custodial regulations apply to entities that take possession of the digital assets being sold, including operators of custodial digital-asset trading platforms, certain hosted-wallet providers, digital-asset kiosks, and certain processors of digital-asset payments. Two de minimis thresholds allow optional aggregate reporting: qualifying-stablecoin sales need not be reported if a customer’s annual aggregate gross proceeds do not exceed $10,000, and specified-NFT sales need not be reported below $600 in annual aggregate gross proceeds.

The DeFi rule and its repeal

In December 2024, Treasury and the IRS published a separate rule extending reporting to front-end decentralized-finance (“DeFi”) service providers for transactions on or after January 1, 2027. Under the Congressional Review Act, Congress passed H.J.Res.25 (Senate 70-28, House 292-132), and the President signed it into law on April 10, 2025, repealing that DeFi rule. The custodial 1099-DA regime described above was not affected by the repeal.

Revenue projection

The Joint Committee on Taxation estimated the 2021 broker-reporting provision would raise roughly $28 billion over 10 years. This figure is a 2021 legislative projection produced before the rules were finalized and before the DeFi rule was repealed; it is not measured collected revenue. Treat it as an estimate, not an outcome.

What the numbers mean: 2026 is the first year in which the IRS receives systematic third-party data on crypto dispositions. Before 2025, the IRS had, per GAO and TIGTA, no broad line of sight into digital-asset transactions. The 1099-DA regime is the single largest structural change in crypto tax administration since 2014.

4. The Form 1040 digital-asset question

Since tax year 2019, Form 1040 has carried a prominent question about virtual currency / digital assets. The wording has evolved:

Tax year Approximate question wording Term used
2019-2021 Whether the taxpayer received, sold, exchanged, or otherwise disposed of a financial interest in any virtual currency “virtual currency”
2022 Whether the taxpayer received (as reward, award, or payment) or sold, exchanged, gifted, or otherwise disposed of a digital asset or financial interest in one “digital assets”
2023-2025 Whether the taxpayer received (as reward, award, or payment) or sold, exchanged, or otherwise disposed of a digital asset or a financial interest in one “digital assets”

The question appears on Forms 1040, 1040-SR, and 1040-NR, and the IRS has stated it must be answered by all filers. Beginning with the 2022 filing season, the IRS expanded the question from “virtual currency” to the broader “digital assets.”

Data gap and flag: The IRS has not published aggregate counts of “Yes” versus “No” responses to the Form 1040 digital-asset question. No verifiable federal figure exists for how many taxpayers checked “Yes.” Any such number circulating in secondary media should be treated as unverified unless it cites an IRS data release. This is a documented gap in this report.

5. Crypto tax compliance: what is measured, and what is not

The information-reporting gap (pre-2025)

GAO-20-188 (February 2020) found that third-party information reporting on virtual currency was limited, that many transactions likely went unreported, and that unclear requirements and thresholds hindered both taxpayer compliance and IRS enforcement. GAO reported that the IRS launched a virtual-currency compliance campaign in 2018 and, beginning July 2019, mailed more than 10,000 letters to taxpayers with virtual-currency activity. GAO recommended the IRS take steps to increase information reporting; the 1099-DA regime is the eventual statutory and regulatory answer.

Enforcement coverage (TIGTA, 2024)

TIGTA report 2024-30-030, dated July 10, 2024 (“Virtual Currency Tax Compliance Enforcement Can Be Improved”), found that of 365,391 examinations conducted by the IRS Small Business/Self-Employed Division since fiscal year 2020, only 1,144 (0.31 percent) included a review of digital-asset activity. TIGTA concluded that the lack of third-party information reporting prevented the IRS from having a clear line of sight to digital-asset transactions. IRS management agreed with all three recommendations; two of the three recommendations are redacted in the public report.

The tax-gap question

There is no published, measured, crypto-specific federal tax-gap dollar figure. The IRS publishes an overall tax-gap series but does not, as of 2026-06-29, isolate a verifiable digital-asset tax-gap estimate. Figures presented elsewhere as “the crypto tax gap” are typically third-party analytics-firm estimates (Tier 2/3) or extrapolations, and are excluded from this report as unverifiable against a primary source. This is the single largest data gap in the field.

What the numbers mean: The measured evidence describes a structural blind spot (limited pre-2025 reporting, near-zero examination coverage), not a quantified revenue loss. The 1099-DA regime is expected to shrink that blind spot beginning with tax year 2025, but no post-implementation compliance measurement exists yet.

Original synthesis: three derived insights

These are original calculations by The Ledgerism Brief using only the primary figures above. Each states its formula, inputs, and limitations. Arithmetic only; no forecasting.

Insight 1: The examination coverage complement

Formula: 100% minus the TIGTA-reported digital-asset examination share.

TIGTA reported 1,144 of 365,391 examinations (0.31 percent) touched digital assets since FY2020. The complement is 365,391 minus 1,144 = 364,247 examinations, or 99.69 percent, that included no digital-asset review.

Inputs: TIGTA 2024-30-030 (July 10, 2024). Limitation: TIGTA notes these exams were not selected to target digital assets, so 0.31 percent measures incidence, not a targeted-enforcement rate. It is a coverage indicator, not an evasion rate.

Insight 2: The guidance timeline gap

Formula: Elapsed years between the foundational guidance and the first year of systematic third-party reporting.

Notice 2014-21 established property treatment effective 2014. Custodial broker gross-proceeds reporting begins for transactions on or after January 1, 2025. That is 2025 minus 2014 = 11 years during which crypto was taxable as property but had no dedicated third-party information-reporting form. Basis reporting begins 2026, 12 years after the property rule.

Inputs: Notice 2014-21 (2014); T.D. 10000 (2024, effective 2025/2026). Limitation: Some voluntary or general reporting occurred in the interim; the gap describes the absence of a dedicated crypto information return, which GAO and TIGTA both identified as the core compliance weakness.

Insight 3: Revenue projection per year of the estimate window

Formula: JCT 10-year projection divided by 10.

The JCT estimated roughly $28 billion over 10 years for the 2021 broker-reporting provision. Averaged evenly, that is $28B / 10 = approximately $2.8 billion per year.

Inputs: JCT estimate of the IIJA broker-reporting provision (2021). Limitations: This is a projection, not measured revenue; JCT scores are not linear year-by-year; the estimate predates both the final regulations and the April 2025 repeal of the DeFi rule, which narrowed the reporting population. Use only as a scale reference for the original legislative projection.

Tables

IRS digital-asset guidance timeline

Date Guidance Core holding
March 25, 2014 Notice 2014-21 Convertible virtual currency is property; general property tax principles apply; receipt (mining, wages, payment) is income at fair market value.
October 9, 2019 Rev. Rul. 2019-24 Hard fork with no receipt: no income. Airdrop of controllable new units: ordinary income at fair market value.
July 31, 2023 Rev. Rul. 2023-14 Proof-of-stake staking rewards are gross income when the taxpayer gains dominion and control, at fair market value on that date.
2023 Notice 2023-34 Modifies Notice 2014-21 to remove outdated legal-tender language; property treatment unchanged.
2024 Final regs (T.D. 10000) Creates Form 1099-DA; custodial brokers report gross proceeds (from Jan 1, 2025) and basis (from Jan 1, 2026).
April 10, 2025 H.J.Res.25 signed Repeals the December 2024 DeFi front-end broker reporting rule.

Form 1099-DA phase-in

Reporting element First transactions covered First forms filed
Gross proceeds (custodial brokers) On or after January 1, 2025 Early 2026 (TY2025)
Cost basis (certain covered transactions) On or after January 1, 2026 Early 2027 (TY2026)
DeFi front-end providers Repealed before effect (would have been Jan 1, 2027) Not applicable

De minimis optional-reporting thresholds (2024 final regs)

Asset class Annual aggregate gross-proceeds threshold below which reporting is not required
Qualifying stablecoins $10,000
Specified NFTs $600

Compliance and enforcement evidence

Metric Value Period Source
IRS educational letters to virtual-currency taxpayers More than 10,000 From July 2019 GAO-20-188
SB/SE examinations reviewed by TIGTA 365,391 Since FY2020 TIGTA 2024-30-030
Of those, exams including digital-asset review 1,144 (0.31%) Since FY2020 TIGTA 2024-30-030
JCT projected revenue, broker-reporting provision ~$28 billion 10 years (2021 estimate) JCT / IIJA 2021

Charts to create

  1. IRS crypto-guidance timeline (2014-2026). Data: the six guidance dates in the timeline table. Source: IRS, Congress. Insight: shows an 11-year gap between property classification (2014) and systematic reporting (2025). Citation-worthy because it visualizes the core structural lag GAO and TIGTA identified.
  2. Form 1099-DA phase-in schedule. Data: gross-proceeds start (2025), basis start (2026), DeFi rule repealed. Source: IRS T.D. 10000; H.J.Res.25. Insight: what brokers must report and when. Useful for tax-season reference pieces.
  3. Examination coverage bar (0.31% vs 99.69%). Data: TIGTA 1,144 vs 364,247. Source: TIGTA 2024-30-030. Insight: pre-reporting enforcement blind spot in one image. Highly quotable.
  4. Income-event decision flow. Data: staking (income at dominion/control), airdrop (income at receipt), hard-fork-no-receipt (no income). Source: Rev. Rul. 2023-14, Rev. Rul. 2019-24. Insight: when crypto receipts become taxable ordinary income.

Methodology

Source-selection criteria: Tier-1 primary sources only for every load-bearing figure. Tier-1 here means IRS published guidance (Notices, Revenue Rulings, Treasury Decisions, official IRS pages), GAO reports, TIGTA reports, Joint Committee on Taxation estimates, and official congressional committee statements. The full text of Rev. Rul. 2023-14 was read directly from the IRS PDF and the holding is quoted verbatim.

Inclusion/exclusion rules: A figure is included only if traceable to a Tier-1 source with a date. Market-size figures from analytics firms, “crypto tax gap” estimates from private firms, and aggregate Form 1040 Yes/No response counts were excluded because no primary federal source verifies them as of 2026-06-29.

Conflicting numbers: Where the $28 billion figure appears with slightly different framings (“nearly $28 billion,” “roughly $28 billion”), it is reported as approximate and labeled a 2021 JCT projection, not measured revenue.

Derived figures: The three synthesis insights use only division and subtraction on primary figures, with inputs and limitations stated inline.

Data limitations: (1) No measured crypto-specific federal tax gap exists. (2) No published Form 1040 digital-asset-question response counts. (3) 1099-DA revenue is not yet measured; the first forms cover tax year 2025 and are filed in 2026. (4) IRS Notices and Revenue Rulings are sub-regulatory and do not carry the force of law of a Treasury regulation.

Date of last update: 2026-06-29.

Source quality ranking

Tier 1 (primary: government guidance, oversight bodies, legislative estimates)
– IRS Notice 2014-21 (property treatment), March 25, 2014.
– IRS Rev. Rul. 2019-24 (hard forks and airdrops), October 9, 2019.
– IRS Rev. Rul. 2023-14 (staking rewards), July 31, 2023 (full text read directly).
– IRS final broker regulations, T.D. 10000 (Form 1099-DA), 2024; IRS “About Form 1099-DA” and broker-reporting FAQ pages.
– IRS Form 1040 digital-asset question guidance, 2019-2025.
– GAO-20-188, February 2020.
– TIGTA 2024-30-030, July 10, 2024.
– U.S. House Committee on Ways and Means statement on H.J.Res.25, April 10, 2025.
– Joint Committee on Taxation revenue estimate for the IIJA broker-reporting provision, 2021.

Tier 2 (credible professional/secondary sources used only for corroboration, not as sole basis)
– Law-firm and accounting-firm client alerts (McDermott Will & Emery, DLA Piper, Fenwick, Perkins Coie, Grant Thornton, BDO, Wolters Kluwer) used to corroborate dates and thresholds already anchored to Tier-1 documents.

Excluded
– Private analytics-firm “crypto tax gap” and market-size estimates (unverifiable against a primary federal source).
– Any aggregate Form 1040 Yes/No response counts (not published by the IRS).
– Any figure lacking a dated primary source.

Citation format

Journalist-friendly additions

Most quotable statistics

Data limitations

Downloadable dataset: recommended fields

guidance_or_metric, type (guidance/effective_date/threshold/enforcement/projection), value, unit, date_or_period, geography, source_name, source_tier, is_projection_or_measured, citation_line, notes_limitations, source_url.

Press summary (about 150 words)

The United States has taxed cryptocurrency as property, not currency, since IRS Notice 2014-21 in March 2014, meaning every sale or exchange is a taxable disposition. Later IRS guidance clarified income events: Rev. Rul. 2019-24 (October 2019) addressed hard forks and airdrops, and Rev. Rul. 2023-14 (July 2023) held that proof-of-stake staking rewards are gross income when the taxpayer gains dominion and control. The largest structural change is Form 1099-DA: custodial brokers must report gross proceeds for transactions on or after January 1, 2025, and cost basis from January 1, 2026. Congress projected the 2021 broker-reporting law would raise roughly $28 billion over a decade, though a related DeFi reporting rule was repealed in April 2025. Oversight bodies documented a compliance blind spot: TIGTA found only 0.31 percent of IRS examinations since FY2020 reviewed digital-asset activity. No measured federal crypto tax-gap figure exists.

Suggested headlines

  1. Crypto Has Been Taxed as Property for 11 Years. Only in 2025 Did the IRS Start Getting the Data.
  2. Form 1099-DA: What Changes for Crypto Taxes in 2025 and 2026
  3. Staking Rewards Are Taxable at “Dominion and Control,” IRS Says
  4. 0.31 Percent: How Rarely the IRS Examined Crypto Before Broker Reporting
  5. The $28 Billion Question: What Congress Projected From Crypto Broker Reporting

FAQs

  1. Is cryptocurrency taxed as currency or property? Property, per IRS Notice 2014-21 (2014). General property tax principles apply.
  2. When do I owe tax on staking rewards? In the year you gain dominion and control over the rewards, at fair market value, per Rev. Rul. 2023-14 (2023).
  3. Are hard forks taxable? A hard fork with no receipt of new units is not income; an airdrop of controllable new units is ordinary income at receipt, per Rev. Rul. 2019-24 (2019).
  4. What is Form 1099-DA? The IRS information return on which custodial brokers report digital-asset dispositions, created by 2024 final regulations (T.D. 10000).
  5. When does 1099-DA reporting start? Gross proceeds for transactions on or after January 1, 2025; basis for certain transactions on or after January 1, 2026.
  6. Which brokers must report? Custodial entities that take possession of digital assets, including custodial trading platforms, certain hosted-wallet providers, kiosks, and certain payment processors (2024 final regs).
  7. Are stablecoins and NFTs reported? Optionally on an aggregate basis, with de minimis thresholds of $10,000 (qualifying stablecoins) and $600 (specified NFTs) in annual aggregate gross proceeds (2024 final regs).
  8. Did the DeFi reporting rule survive? No. H.J.Res.25, signed April 10, 2025, repealed the December 2024 DeFi front-end broker rule. Custodial reporting was unaffected.
  9. How much revenue was crypto reporting expected to raise? The JCT projected roughly $28 billion over 10 years for the 2021 provision. That is a projection, not measured revenue.
  10. Is there an official crypto tax gap figure? No. The IRS has not published a measured crypto-specific tax-gap dollar figure as of 2026-06-29.

Sources

  1. IRS, Notice 2014-21, “Virtual Currency Guidance,” issued March 25, 2014. https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-drop/n-14-21.pdf
  2. IRS, Rev. Rul. 2019-24, issued October 9, 2019. https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-drop/rr-19-24.pdf
  3. IRS, Rev. Rul. 2023-14, issued July 31, 2023 (26 CFR 1.61-1). https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-drop/rr-23-14.pdf
  4. IRS, “Final regulations and related IRS guidance for reporting by brokers on sales and exchanges of digital assets” (T.D. 10000; Form 1099-DA), 2024. https://www.irs.gov/newsroom/final-regulations-and-related-irs-guidance-for-reporting-by-brokers-on-sales-and-exchanges-of-digital-assets
  5. IRS, “About Form 1099-DA, Digital Asset Proceeds From Broker Transactions.” https://www.irs.gov/forms-pubs/about-form-1099-da
  6. IRS, “Frequently asked questions about broker reporting.” https://www.irs.gov/filing/frequently-asked-questions-about-broker-reporting
  7. IRS, “Corrections to the 2025 Instructions for Form 1099-DA, de minimis rules.” https://www.irs.gov/about-irs/corrections-to-the-2025-instructions-for-form-1099-da-de-minimis-rules-for-reporting-certain-sales-of-digital-assets-and-optional-reporting-methods
  8. IRS, “Digital assets.” https://www.irs.gov/filing/digital-assets
  9. IRS, “Taxpayers need to report crypto, other digital asset transactions on their tax return.” https://www.irs.gov/newsroom/taxpayers-need-to-report-crypto-other-digital-asset-transactions-on-their-tax-return
  10. U.S. GAO, GAO-20-188, “Virtual Currencies: Additional Information Reporting and Clarified Guidance Could Improve Tax Compliance,” February 2020. https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-20-188
  11. Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration, Report 2024-30-030, “Virtual Currency Tax Compliance Enforcement Can Be Improved,” July 10, 2024. https://www.tigta.gov/reports/audit/virtual-currency-tax-compliance-enforcement-can-be-improved
  12. U.S. Department of the Treasury, press release on proposed digital-asset broker regulations, 2023. https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy1705
  13. U.S. House Committee on Ways and Means, statement on enactment of H.J.Res.25 (DeFi broker rule repeal), April 10, 2025. https://waysandmeans.house.gov/2025/04/10/president-trump-signs-ways-means-resolution-overturning-biden-administrations-burdensome-irs-defi-broker-rule/
  14. Congressional Budget Office, cost estimate for H.J.Res.25, 2025. https://www.cbo.gov/publication/61241
  15. Federal Register, “Gross Proceeds Reporting by Brokers That Regularly Provide Services Effectuating Digital Asset Sales,” December 30, 2024. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2024/12/30/2024-30496/gross-proceeds-reporting-by-brokers-that-regularly-provide-services-effectuating-digital-asset-sales

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